Thursday, January 30, 2020
Dead Man’s Path by Chinua Achebe Essay Example for Free
Dead Man’s Path by Chinua Achebe Essay Introduction            The story is generally depicting the theme which is said to be modernity versus old. The old is characterized by the villagers which still continues doing their rituals and also it is characterized by the pathway (Nerdicity).            The new or modernity is characterized and depicted by the institution and the new headmasters who aimed for renewing almost all of the old staffs at the school (Nerdicity).            The institution, as depicted in the story as the explanation for the theme, tends the humanity of that generation to be liberated with regard to newer and or modern things (Nerdicity). They are also trying to liberate the villagers that the villager’s old beliefs and practices are wrong which includes the practice of their belief about the pathway (Nerdicity). Theme explanation            The theme in the story is about Modern versus Old. It is said that Chinua Achebe came up to this theme based on how the new Nigerian thinks. The new Nigerian’s way of thinking explains their ideologies on beautifying gardens (Nerdicity).            In this theme as explained in the story, Michael Oli wanted a development at the institution abut the problem is; the villagers are a source of hindrance to his development plan for the school.            The theme is explaining how certain people wanted a more liberated and modernized society for a better living but still there are some who does not want to go with this modernization issue. They are contented following their old practices. The theme also explains how extinction of old practices including tradition and cultures because of the rapid development and its being imposed to the people.            The theme also explained that imposing new ideas to people who believes and appreciates old practices is a hard thing to do that will need your patience and understanding.            Imposing new is better for it will benefit a lot of aspects in life but it will be better if instead of making all things new, people can combine new and old instead that will be more effective for everyone as it won’t be a source for any conflict.            Example of new versus old is the modernity versus traditional.            It conveys the lesson which states that traditions should not be changed into new ones and it should also be not ignored.            The theme is said to be effective for people to realize that old beliefs are said to be influential and important so it should not be disregarded. Traditions are somehow an alternatives in teaching morals, it is said to be much more influential because there are lessons that people can learn through this (Cindy). About the theme            The author created the theme because he wanted people to be informed and to realize that endorsing such modernity over traditional matter in a bad approach will create a negative consequence (LLC).            Chinua Achebe wanted to impose that when a certain person intends and tries to block a certain essential aspect of that person’s existence, the act could create or lead into a negative reaction and consequences (LLC). This is depicted when Michael Obi blocked the path where it is part of the villager’s important ritual in respect for their ancestors whenever someone dies.            The theme was generally made for people to see the negative impact of modernity to traditional activities. The impact in the story depicted through the theme is explaining that in order to convince people to accept certain ideologies, the one who imposes should also possess the characteristics that others would respect (LLC). This characteristic is important in order for other existence to accept the ideologies that a certain person imposes (LLC). Universal truth            Indeed, the story expresses universal truth because people can’t deny the fact that there are really some people at any part of the world that endorses betterment in certain people but does it in a negative approach. People would be insulted through this kind of approach that provokes them to start a misunderstanding and conflict to each other.            An example of this is when a certain person preaches something according to his views and beliefs. If a certain person imposed his ideologies and forced people to believe by threatening their lives or their own beliefs, the act will cause into major conflicts.            This statement is an example situation based on the theme of the story by Chinua Achebe. Symbols used in the story            In the story, there are a lot of instances that symbolizes the given theme. One of this is when Michael imposed the modernity by renewing almost all of the old professors in the school and changing them into new and younger ones (Classroom).            Michael could have imposed his aim of modernity through adding new teachers hence still allowing the old ones to perform their teaching in the school but he did the other way. Michael aimed to remove the villager’s right to practice their important rituals instead of respecting it (Classroom).            Michel did not respect the rituals and beliefs of the villagers hence he also disregarded what the priest advised him. Michael blocked the pathway to avoid the villagers from walking though it and he did it to prevent them from ruining the property (Classroom).            By doing the certain act, Michael is said to have insulted the villager’s beliefs and ritual practice. He could have just let the villagers take that certain part and took another part to accomplish his project due to beautifying the school. Lastly is when Michael ignored what the villagers asked of him to be able to resolve the arising conflict. The villagers asked him to do a heavy sacrifice in order to conciliate his fault from the villager’s ancestors (Classroom).            This is implying the disrespect to someone’s beliefs. Instead of following what they asked of him, he ignored the idea and continued on imposing what he wanted. Symbols            The school ground as the pathway, this symbolizes the tradition and beliefs of the villagers. It is explained in the story that it is a part of the villager’s ritual to take that certain path whenever someone dies.            The blocking of the pathway; this symbolizes the unacceptance and disrespect of Michael as the main character. He disrespected the villager’s practices which they’ve done always. Conclusion            The author came up to the theme by implying his view on respecting one’s beliefs and traditions. If a certain person wants his ideologies to be accepted, he should impose it in a kind manner.            If a certain person wants to succeed imposing his ideas, he then should also respect other’s ideologies to prevent things from leading into conflicts and negative reactions.            The Author of the story in my opinion is aware that tradition might be forgotten because of the developments and liberations that the society imposes.            Achebe showed through his story about his respect to certain people’s beliefs even if it is not evidently true, thus it is everyone’s right to practice their cultural and traditional beliefs as long as it wont be a reason for other people’s oppression (Cindy).            This is what the theme implies through the story Dead Man’s Path by Chinua Achebe. Works Cited Cindy. Dead Mans Path. 2007. Classroom, The Global. Dead Mens Path Chinua Achebe , 2006. LLC, Mega Essays. Chinua Achebe, Dead Mans Path. 2007. Nerdicity. Dead Mans Path. 2006.
Wednesday, January 22, 2020
Fighting for a Better Health Essay -- essays research papers fc
               Fighting for a Better Health      As of today, America has undergone many issues involving health like diabetes, heart disease, and lung cancer. Many of the health issues are caused by components very well known to us such as pollution, alcohol, drugs, sexually-transmitted diseases, and so forth. Little was known about the fact that food, being an important necessity for human life, has started America’s major epidemic among children and teens -- obesity. With more than 50 million youths attending schools everyday (HHS 1), it’s scary to think of the fact that three-fourths of the adolescents don’t eat a healthy diet. In order to fight against the trend of obesity, we must take action with methods to reduce the rate in which obesity is growing among adolescents. The voice of the people has already gotten government officials working together with school and state officials to develop ways to reverse the trend of obesity in teens starting with schools. With one out of seven students being obese (Brownlee 1), high schools are the main targets to fight obesity. For this reason, government nutrition inspectors sought to find out what America’s children were eating; to their surprise, they found that the majority of students only consumed high calorie snacks and chips along with a high volume of carbonated drinks rather than the school cafeteria lunch. The foods that are consumed by the students have lower nutritional values than that of the government standards. Several students were asked why they would eat low nutrition foods other than that of the cafeteria; many said it’s because of the long lunch line while others responded that the cafeteria food tasted horrible. Nicole Talbott, a student from Fremont High in Oakland, Califor nia, said, â€Å"Lunch for me is chips, soda, maybe a chocolate ice cream taco. Everyday, just about the same thing. That’s all I eat – the bad stuff†(Egan 1). â€Å"Most of it’s a time issue,†â€Å"claims Mary Ann Weber, assistant director for the division of Child Nutrition Services for the Ohio Department of Education.†â€Å"Kids don’t want to stand in line†(Vail 2). Through my experiences in high school, I remember that many students don’t have the patience to wait their whole lunchtime in line, especially when several schools on... ... 2002: 1+.      SIRS Researcher. SIRS Knowledge Source. San Bernardino      Valley Coll. Lib., San Bernardino. 22 Sept 2002      . Kiefer, Francine. â€Å"Bush Joins New War: Battle of Bulge.†     The Christian Science Monitor 20 June 2002: 1+.      SIRS Researcher. SIRS Knowledge Source. San Bernardino      Valley Coll. Lib., San Bernardino. 27 Sept 2002      . Khoo, Adrianna. â€Å"Food for Thought: What Parents Can Do To      Prevent Childhood Obesity.†Children’s Advocate      Newsmagazine Mar/Apr 2001: 1+. SIRS Researcher. SIRS      Knowledge. San Bernardino Valley Coll. Lib., San      Bernardino. 27 Sept 2002 . Vail, Kathleen. â€Å"Insert Coins In Slot.†American School      Board Journal Feb 1999: 28-31. SIRS Researcher. SIRS      Knowledge Source. San Bernardino Valley Coll. Lib.,      San Bernardino. 23 Sept 2002 .
Tuesday, January 14, 2020
The Barriers and Drivers of Sustainable Transport Management in the University of Hertfordshire
â€Å"An exploratory survey of the barriers and drivers of sustainable conveyance direction in the University of Hertfordshire†Abstraction This research examines the drivers that encourage Sustainable travel in the University of Hertfordshire, it besides looks at the barriers faced by the University in accomplishing a successful rate of sustainable travel among the staff and pupils of the University. The research looked at the average split of both staff and pupils between 2002 and 2013, and tried to understand the grounds for the high per centum in the usage of individual tenancy vehicles as a primary manner of transit. The research besides studied the travel forms of members of the university proposing barriers that may hold influenced the usage of sustainable manners of conveyance. The research eventually highlights the future marks of the University of Hertfordshire to cut down auto usage and increase more sustainable signifiers of transit and besides suggests ways to cut down auto individual tenancy auto usage in the University. Table of contentsIntroduction and Background†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4Sustainable Transport†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4Drivers and Barriers to Sustainable Transport †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦ 5Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7Consequences †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.8Discussion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦ 12Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.13References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..14Introduction and BackgroundOver the past few decennaries, the term ‘sustainability’ has become rather omnipresent and has been used in our day-to-day lives, in the building, power and energy, economic, conveyance and agricultural sectors etc. The term which is defined in the Oxford lexicon ( 2014 ) as ‘the ability to be maintained at a certain degree can be said to be a planning construct which constitutes something of a revolution as it has become the accelerator for persons and organisations round the universe who are making the greatest societal alteration of our clip ( Edwards, 2005 ) . Goldman & A ; Gorham ( 2006 ) , province that following the Brundtland Commission study in 1987, planetary attending refering sustainable development has increased, faculty members and policy authoritieshave tried to use the construct in urban and metropolitan conditions. Sustainable development has demonstrated a lasting and persuasive impression as it directs policy in a distinguishable, natural way, while keeping the ability to set to new issues, economic, societal and technological conditions ( Goldman & A ; Gorham, 2006 ) . In this reappraisal, the chief focal point is on sustainable transit and the challenges encountered. The University of Hertfordshire is based in Hatfield, in the county of Hertfordshire and has about 27,725 pupils including more than 2,000 international pupils from over 85 different states, 2358 staff and a turnover of more than ?230 million. The University has a figure of sites beyond College lane and de Havilland which are the two chief campuses. These sites are ; Bayfordbury, Angerland Park and Ride, Bio Park, The Field Centre, College lane North, Meridian House, Titan Court and MacLaurin Building ( UH 2020 Estates Vision, 2011 ) . 1.1 Sustainable Conveyance Harmonizing to Black ( 2000 ) , composing about sustainable conveyance has become slippery because there are changing positions on the definition of the term, he states that in accomplishing sustainable transit, the conveyance sector would utilize renewable resources at a gait that does non excel the gait at which the resources are renewed, it would utilize non-renewable resources in a mode non transcending the rate of development of alternate resources ; and the degree which the conveyance sector releases pollutants is less than the capacity of the environment to absorb them. Sustainable travel is a cardinal issue within the University sector, hence as portion of the sustainability Programme the demand to undertake the effects of travel of both staff and pupils has been acknowledged ( Cardiff University Travel Plan, 2012 ) . It is in this position that Hensher ( 1998 ) states that bettering public conveyance is a manner of contending the lifting rates of traffic congestion, the decrease in the quality of the air and planetary heating. In his research, Black ( 2000 ) points out that there are assorted issues environing sustainable conveyance. The first facet of sustainable conveyance is how 97 % of the conveyance sector depends chiefly on crude oil which is a resource that is limited, secondly he talks on how sustainable travel is focused on the environment and as such trades with pollution including the high degrees of nursery gases being emitted into the ambiance which increases the wellness hazards of people shacking in urban parts, the writer so goes farther to state that the environmental component of sustainability is â€Å"a double edged sword†that will non merely harm major countries of human life but will besides damage the lives of the coming coevalss. Third Black argues that the conveyance system has a job of traffic congestion affecting both nomadic congestion and stationary congestion whereby there are limited parking infinites. Due to the addition in the population of staff and pupils in the higher instruction sector over the past decennary, the impact of commutation has become the largest a University has on the environment ( Tolley, 1996 ) and as such should non be taken for granted. The form of auto usage in Universities match that of wider society and are perchance made worse by the alterations in the higher instruction sector itself. The rise in the figure of pupils that ain autos can be said to be likely caused by the addition in the admittance of mature pupils while there is a deficit of available residential adjustment on campus ( Tolley, 1996 ) . 1.2 Drivers and Barriers to Sustainable Conveyance In today’s society there is a sense of societal and economic promotion attached to the ownership of autos Hensher ( 1998 ) points out that there is an unsatisfiable demand for the ownership of autos. That governments are seeking to happen a balance between the assorted manners of conveyance, looking for ways of seting public transit into a place that reduces the auto dependence in urban parts. However, Davis ( 1996 ) draws attending to environmental rules and ends to command some of the challenges faced by sustainable transit. He argues that the well-deserved attending is now being given to parking ordinances as a really effective control step. Black ( 2000 ) besides highlighted that most of the methods for managing jobs of congestion on the main roads have no cost deductions to the driving public as they are demand direction techniques. Looking at some of the barriers to sustainable transit Zuniga ( 2012 ) stated that some of the barriers to active travel are distance, conditions and safety. Besides during a research carried out by Koetse and Rietveld ( 2009 ) , looking at the impact of clime alteration and conditions on conveyance, they stated that there is a decrease in the usage of bikes and an addition in auto usage as a agency of transposing during the winter season. The University of Leicester ( 2010 ) states that accepting and minimising the usage of dodo fuel will help the University in maintaining up with statute law, stakeholder’s increasing involvements, the of all time lifting monetary values of energy every bit good as aid the University to run efficaciously in a green economic system. The Higher Education sector has become a competitory sector, and Universities need to upgrade their installations to remain competitory and to be successful. This might do the travel forms of members of the Universities to alter, and the Travel program is of import in cut downing the effects caused by the alterations ( Bournemouth University Travel program 2013 ) From the literature above it is clear that it is of import to understand the drivers and barriers to the acceptance of sustainable conveyance, and this applies in any context, including workplaces such as Universities, and the University of Hertfordshire – hence this so sets the scene and principle for this survey. The aims of this research are as follows:To set up the current province of bing cognition and literature on drivers and barriers to the acceptance of sustainable conveyance.To garner and collate bing informations on conveyance forms at the University of Hertfordshire to help in placing the alterations in the primary manner of conveyance from 2002 to 2013 and set up future marks of the University to increase the usage of sustainable manners of conveyance.To place any possible drivers and barriers apparent in the form of bing informations sets.2.0 Methodology This research has looked at sustainable transit in the University of Hertfordshire, concentrating on the drivers and barriers of sustainability in the university.The research was carried out utilizing qualitative research methods, where secondary research was done and explorative research techniques were used. In transporting out this research, literature reappraisals and a professional audience were carried out. In the literature reappraisal, an geographic expedition of academic diaries, travel programs from other UK universities and professional web sites was done in order to set up the current state of affairs on the drivers and barriers of sustainable transit and how it affects the University sector in relation to objectives 1 and 2. Secondary information was collected from the University of Hertfordshire’s Travel program to acquire study consequences on the primary manner of conveyance of both the staff and the pupils of the University between 2002 and 2013. This was done in order to analyse the alteration in travel behaviour of both the staff and pupils of the University over the 11 twelvemonth period in relation to objective 2. Analysis was carried out on the extracted information, looking at the alterations in primary manners of conveyance and proposing grounds for the alterations. Besides information was collected to set up future marks of the University to increase the usage of sustainable manners of conveyance. Search cardinal words like ; sustainability, sustainable travel, sustainable conveyance in universities, green campuses and sustainable transit, were used in the hunt for relevant literature utilizing the university’s online library ( Voyager ) and Google Scholar. Forward and rearward mention seeking techniques were besides adopted. The research was mostly a desk-based survey pulling upon bing literature and informations. 3.0 Consequences In order to analyze the travel forms of members of UH, information was extracted from the UH Travel program of 2013-2018. A travel study is normally carried out between March and April bi-ennially and in 2013 all members of staff and the pupils were invited to take portion in the study. However merely 20 % of the staff and 1 % of the pupils completed the study. The consequences are as follows: Figure 3.1 Primary Mode of Transport for staff in 2013 From Figure 3.1 above, it can be seen that the most used manner of transit for members of staff in UH is auto at 69 % , and this involves members of staff that thrust to the University on their ain ( individual tenancy vehicles ) . The 2nd highest manner of transposing for staff is the auto sharing method which is much more sustainable than the remarkable usage of vehicles and this takes 8 % , both coach usage and walking portion about the same per centum of staff at 6 % . The per centum of staff that rhythm to the university is 5 % , while members of staff that commute by train are 4 % . The big per centum of auto usage amongst the staff may be due to assorted grounds including, the demand to transport work related points around, wont, distance from place to the university, holding multiple undertakings to accomplish within a individual trip etc. Figure 3.2 Primary Mode of Transport for staff between 2002 and 2013 In Figure 3.2 above, the usage of individual tenancy vehicles as a primary agencies of transposing amongst the staff has reduced from 82 % in 2002 to 69 % in 2013. The per centum of staff that use the coach as their primary signifier of transit when transposing to and from the University had somewhat increased from 5 % in 2002 to 6 % in 2013. There has been an addition in train usage among staff, which was 4 % in 2013 from 1 % in 2002 ; the per centum of staff auto sharing has besides experienced an overall addition from 3 % in 2002 to 8 % in 2013. Cycling among members of staff has besides increased from 2 % in 2002 to 5 % in 2013, nevertheless even though walking has fluctuated over the old ages between 2002 and 2013, it has remained the same at 6 % . The alteration in the travel form of members of staff may hold been due to either wellness grounds, fiscal grounds or due to the increased consciousness of sustainability in general. Figure 3.3 Primary Mode of Transport for pupils in 2013 Figure 3.3 above shows that walking is the most popular manner of transit for pupils of UH at 43 % , this may be because a high figure of pupils live in the residential adjustments provided by the University on campus and happen it much easier to acquire to their categories. However 31 % of pupils drive to the University on their ain which is every bit high, the per centum of pupils that commute by coach is at 14 % followed by the per centum of pupils that prefer to auto portion which is 5 % . Finally the per centum of Students that rhythm and those that commute by train is comparatively low at 3 % each. Figure 3.4 Primary Mode of Transport for pupils between 2002 and 2013 Figure 3.4 above indicates that walking which is the most popular signifier of conveyance among the pupils, addition by a sum of 13 % between 2002 ( where it was 30 % ) and 2013 ( 43 % ) . The usage of individual tenancy vehicles decreased from 38 % in 2002 to 31 % in 2013, besides the per centum of pupils that use the coach as their primary signifier of transit reduced from 19 % in 2002 to 14 % in 2013. The usage of trains as a signifier of conveyance among pupils has remained the same at 3 % , while auto sharing among pupils has increased over the same period of clip from 2 % in 2002 to 5 % in 2013. Finally there was a little decrease in the usage of cycling by the pupils from 4 % to 3 % between 2002 and 2013 severally. These alterations in the primary signifiers of conveyance to more sustainable signifiers may hold been influenced by the high costs of keeping personal vehicles due to the economic state of affairs or parking limitations by the university on pupils. 4.0 Discussion One of the chief benefits of placing the travel forms of the members of the University every bit good as the barriers faced by the University in cut downing the per centum of auto usage among both staff and pupils, is that it gives a more elaborate analysis on what primary manners of conveyance are more popular and besides gives an thought as to why these manners are largely used. From the research it can be deduced that some of the drivers of sustainable conveyance include ; authorities statute law, reputational benefits ( green image ) , fiscal benefits and environmental impacts. It can besides be said that some of the barriers of sustainable conveyance are ; unfavourable conditions, distance, societal position, safety and wont among others, these could besides be attributed to the University of Hertfordshire. However the University has made farther programs to cut down auto usage most significantly as other signifiers of transit are more flexible in footings of existent modal split. The University of Hertfordshire marks to cut down individual tenancy auto usage amongst members of staff from 69 % in 2013 to 60 % by 2018, besides to increase other manners of conveyance including auto sharing, walking, cycling and the usage of public conveyance from 31 % in 2013 to 40 % by 2018. For the pupil commuter journeys, the University aims to cut down individual tenancy auto usage from 22 % in 2013 to 20 % by 2018, and to increase auto sharing, walking, cycling and the usage of public conveyance from 78 % in 2013 to 80 % by 2018. In add-on the University purposes to accomplish a average split of 7 % for individual tenancy auto usage and 93 % for the usage of sustainable manners of conveyance for pupils populating in the residential subdivision of the College Lane Campus. 5.0 Decision The aims of this research were to set up the current province of bing cognition and literature on the drivers and barriers to the acceptance of sustainable transit, to garner and collate bing informations on conveyance forms at the University of Hertfordshire and set up future marks, besides to place any possible drivers and barriers apparent in the form of bing informations. Mentions Black, W. R. ( 2000 ) ‘Socio-economic barriers to sustainable transport’ ,Journal of Transport Geography,8, pp. 141-147. Daly, H. E. ( 1991 ) ‘Steady State Economies’ . Island Press, Washington, DC. Davis, A. L. ( 1996 ) ‘Promoting sustainable conveyance on England: rules and practice’ ,Journal of Transport Geography,4 ( 1 ) , pp. 67-70. Edwards, A. R. ( 2005 ) .The sustainability revolution: Portrayal of a paradigm displacement. New Society Pub. Goldman, T. and Gorham, R. ( 2006 ) ‘Sustainable urban conveyance: Four advanced directions’Technology in Society, 28, pp. 261-273. Goodwin, P.B. , Hallett, S. , Kenny, F. and Stokes, G. ( 1991 ) ‘Transport: the new realism’ ,Report to Rees Jeffrey Road Fund, Transport Studies Unit, University of Oxford. Greene, D. L. , Wegener, M. ( 1997 ) ‘Sustainable transport’ ,Journal of Transport Geography, 5 ( 3 ) , 177-190. Hensher, D. A. ( 1993 ) ‘Socially and environmentally appropriate urban hereafters for the motor auto Transportation’ ,Conveyance Policy,20 ( 1 ) , pp. 1-20. Hensher, D. A. ( 1998 ) ‘The instability between auto and public conveyance usage in urban Australia: why does it be? ’ ,Conveyance Policy,5, pp. 193-204. Oxford lexicon, 2014. Tolley, R. ( 1996 ) . Green campuses: cutting the environmental cost of transposing.Journal of Transport Geography,4( 3 ) , 213-217. Transport Research Laboratory, ( 1994 ) ‘Impact of Transport Policies in Five Cities’ PR 107, TRL, Crowthorne.
Monday, January 6, 2020
Economy in Early American Civilizations Maya, Aztecs and...
The economic systems of early American societies were very similar. One of these societies, the Mayans, lived in southern Mexico and northern Central America from the 3rd to the 10th century CE, and they relied on the trade of goods such as obsidian and crops such as cacao beans. Another American civilization was the Aztec civilization. They were located in the Valley of Mexico around the 13th to 16th century CE, and they used slash-and-burn farming to plant crops to trade. The Inca Empire existed from the 13th to the 16th century CE along the Pacific coast of South America near the Andes Mountains. The Inca used terrace farming and irrigation to grow crops such as corn. The economies of these early American civilizations were heavily†¦show more content†¦Maya economy and trade is still one of the more mysterious aspects of Maya life. Research into the area is very tricky, as the records left behind by the Maya themselves in terms of their trade are little. They mostly woul d document their wars and lives of their leaders much more completely than their trading patterns. The Mayan economy depended upon trading and centralized markets to sustain itself. They used canoes to transport goods across rivers and lakes. Cacao beans were used as currency, or traders bartered with each other to exchange goods. They traded food with societies close to them and nonperishable goods, such as obsidian, with societies farther from them. In Mayan society, agriculture was looked upon as a key part to the economy. The Mayans main crops that were grown were corn, beans, chili peppers, and squash. These crops were a very big priority for the Mayan settlement and economy for trading purposes. The Mayans also developed wonderful cities with larger community centers. These centers featured temples, pyramids, and palaces. These were good strategic central location which would enhance the economy. The Mayan economies wonderful trade and agricultural products all helped form a great base for the Mayan economy. Those aspects like agriculture and trading also immensely helpe d the Aztec civilization. Some major aspects of the Aztec civilizations were farming and trading. The Aztecs were hunters andShow MoreRelatedLatin Americ Latin American Cultures2513 Words  | 11 PagesTimothy Su Professor Patricio Navia Latin American Cultures, Sect. 001 20 October 2014 Latin American Cultures Midterm Section 1 – Question 1 Throughout the pre-Columbus era in Latin America, The Mayas, Aztecs, and Incas built unique civilizations, each with its own distinctive achievements, creating distinctive cultures to unite their individual societies. 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